VI. The maximum possible dynamic range with MIDI velocity

The maximum dynamic range possible using MIDI velocities from 1 to 127 is 47.0 dB

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Reference Point

The stereo master fader, we bounce/print the mix thru, stays at 0.0 dB. This master fader is our reference.

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- For visually controlling the overall loudness at the stereo master, we open a meter. For wide range dynamic orchestra material preferably a VU meter where zero is at -20 dB RMS.

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After calibrating the virtual mixer in the way described above, the stereo sum will not clip at the master fader, You can add several more instruments and notes without driving into clipping. It seems, that a headroom of 12 dB is an ideal value for working with orchestral music scores.

The obvious reason that all orchestra tracks playing simultaneously does not clip the stereo master is, that you calibrated with the loudest tutti. The not so obvious reason is, that -12 dB headroom is an ideal value. It would need a lot more notes playing velocity of 127 in order to drive the stereo master into 0 dBFS+ clipping. Another reason is the rudiculous level uniformity of VSL thru out the whole library, this uniformity prevents from being surprised by an unexpected higher level.

When adding more and more instruments and/or notes, then at a certain point the headroom is used up, and the audio will clip. That is the moment we have to set a larger headroom. The clipping will occour at the stereo master, and you simply give more headroom by pulling all track faders back by a small amount. Often a reduction of 0.1 dB on all faders to -6.1 dB is enough, and the stereo master fader will not clip again thru the whole composition.

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I did a quite similar approach to my template. With some deviations.
As I work in Samplitude which relies on a 32 bit floating point mixing engine I don't have to care for clipping *before* the master fader. If the D/A-output clips I just lower the master fader. This is an approach which doesn't work on ProTools, for example. Furthermore it is just an approximation which needs to be adjusted for every individual piece.
In my template I was more concerned about the relative ff levels. So trumpets double loudness than horns. horns double loudness than strings and woodwinds. But I didn't set these levels by numbers but by ear.
On the other hand, since all instruments can play more or less equally soft the midi programming doesn't translate automatically between the instruments. I think about applying input filters to the individual instruments so instrument programming can be moved around freely without adaptation.
Angelo, you don't mention relative levels. How did you set these up?

@mathis said:

In my template I was more concerned about the relative ff levels. So trumpets double loudness than horns. horns double loudness than strings and woodwinds. But I didn't set these levels by numbers but by ear.
On the other hand, since all instruments can play more or less equally soft the midi programming doesn't translate automatically between the instruments. I think about applying input filters to the individual instruments so instrument programming can be moved around freely without adaptation.
Angelo, you don't mention relative levels. How did you set these up?

Yes, this is the big question for me, too. I'm mostly concerned with relative levels - basically, in the sense of making 4 Horns fff distinctly mask out 1 solo violin fff...

Great work, though, Angelo! Thanks for sharing.

J.

@hermitage59 said:

I think Angelo's intent (and considerable reflection and work in this) is to provide a 'baseline' to start from, and give those who wish to build a template somewhere to begin. (Yes Angelo? Was this the idea?)

Yes, that what it is, a baseline, something you setup, and who makes work easier, and better controllable.

The most important thing is that you never change the playback volume, but once the SPL's are calibrated leave the volume knob at the marked 85 dB SPL.

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The creation of a calibrated environment will give you several advantages:

You will have a loudness reference.

You will know at any time where you are with the dynamics, visually as well aurally.

You can work within the corner data of a particular delivery standard, for example, you can mix a broadcast soundtrack to -9 dB peak maximum by simply observing that the master fader shows maximum -9 dB peak.

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@jbm said:

Yes, this is the big question for me, too. I'm mostly concerned with relative levels - basically, in the sense of making 4 Horns fff distinctly mask out 1 solo violin fff...

The position of the solo violonist in front of the orchestra, as opposed to the four horns sitting on the back of the ensemble will solve this problem

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About templates: I don't see how templates with presets of relative levels between instrument groups could be of practical use. I don't know what instrument balance the next composition is callling for, and I never had twice the same instrumentation.

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Loudness and the available dynamic range

Every composition has a maximum peak. Most often this peak is a tutti chord. A smaller ensemble, for example a chamber orchestra, reaches the maximum loudness with less instruments then a large orchestra. A quartor has a complete other loudness structure then a chamber ensemble or a large philharmonic orchestra. But, no matter how large or small the ensemble is, one thing have all incommon, respectively stays the same, this is the total available dynamic range on the final media.

Calibrating the maximum peak with a "ff tutti chord"

The idea of the ff tutti chord calibration is based on the fact, that you the composer, knows most often in advance where the loudest point is in a composition, and therefor you can set the needed headroom in advance.

The maximum peak in a recording session in a concert hall, is only in so far different, that the recording engineer can check the required headroom during rehearsal, and adjust the recording level and having enough headroom, so it doesn't clip when he records a final master.

A "ff tutti calibration chord" for a classical period composition could be as follow:

1 Piccolo note
2 Flute notes
1 Oboe note
1 Englishhorn note
1 Clarinet in Bb note
1 Bass Clarinet note
1 Bassoon note
1 Contrabassoon note
1 Trumpet note
1 Horn note
1 Pianoforte chord
1 Timpani note
1 Gran Cassa note
1 Piatti note
1 Vln I note
1 Vln II note
1 Vlc note
1 Vlc note
1 CB note

Now play back the full chord with ff samples with as many notes per instrument you think it will have at the end, and all at velocity 127, this will produce the signal with the maximum peak level. This signal you use to calibrate your VI or Kontakt track fadersto an uniform level, for example the suggested -6 dB, or more if the stereo master still clips.

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Here am example of a "ff tutti calibration chord" preliminary made to set the headroom of a composition.

The chords are voicings as they are in the composition, but for the purpose of calibration played with short sounds, so the reverberators can also be programmed.

Name: ff tutti calibration chord_seven octave_wind+strings.mp3
Size: 3MB

Download Link:
http://vsl.co.at/upload/users/57/ff_tutti_calibration_chord_seven_octave_wind-strings.mp3

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01. Set the track fader
Set all track faders with a sample playback software to -6.0 dB.

Does this mean for example if I have and aux in my DAW that is bringing in audio from an outboard cpu that I set it to -6.0? Or do I set the output faders in the outboard cpu of host Plogue Bidule to -06? Would you explain this step more and where it applies?

02. Set the output level of the samples
Set the output level of the patches within the sampleplayer also to -6 dB. This is the default value with most patches anyhow.

Where is this done in the VI player?

@dpcon said:

[b]Does this mean for example if I have and aux in my DAW that is bringing in audio from an outboard cpu that I set it to -6.0? Or do I set the output faders in the outboard cpu of host Plogue Bidule to -06? Would you explain this step more and where it applies?

I would leave the source signal loudness unchanged, and balance the effect signal at AUX-Return until it fuses with the mix.

The idea is to set up a listening environment, where we have the loudness under control, aurally as well visually.

The aural side is done by calibrating the monitor to a standard. This standard is that the monitor speakers produce an SPL of 85 dB when a signal of -20 dB RMS is played back. Important is, that you never change this loudness once it is calibrated. When I would change the volume, for example with the volume knob on the amplifier, I loose the loudness reference my ears are calibrated to.

The visual control is done by reading a meter with a peak and a rms scale.

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Don't get lost in the endless field of audio engineering, Angelo. To my opinion, keeping this topic as close to your initial intentions is most likely the best idea for now.

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Moderator's Sidenote: The critical discussion on Angelo's approach continues HERE:
-> http://community.vsl.co.at/viewtopic.php?t=10761
Thanks!

Okay Dietz, good point.

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@dpcon said:

01. Set the track fader
Set all track faders with a sample playback software to -6.0 dB.

Does this mean for example if I have and aux in my DAW that is bringing in audio from an outboard cpu that I set it to -6.0? Or do I set the output faders in the outboard cpu of host Plogue Bidule to -06? Would you explain this step more and where it applies?

Very simple, here the Buss-send are at zero, the Aux-Send faders are at zero. The Input gain of the outgear processors is at zero. This will keep the loudness unchanged, that way I know where the levels are and do not loose the overview. Then the Aux-Return fader is used to mix/balance the processed sound. Of course that not a gospel.

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Setting up a standard, serves the purpose of keeping the overview over the large amount of audio data we are confronted with when working with music production software. This data consist of loudness, dynamics, knowing how much headroom is available, the gain structure etc..

Or said the other way around, it is to prevent that we get completly lost in chaos.

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Hey Angelo, thanks a lot for these hints, which helped me a lot!

Unfortuneatly my knowledge is not at the standard of the rest of you guys, so there´s one thing, I still don´t understand:

Let´s say I have a real orchestra playing a tutti stacc. chord and this would be at 0.01 dB Peak.
If I play the same tutti with the volume setup, you proposed, it should be the same, if I got U right.
But in my ears some of the VSL patches are much too loud compared to others, which means, I have to lower their levels. If I do so, the peak should not stay at 0.01 dB.
So shouldn´t I first find a ballance for my instruments, then play a stacc tutti and then change all volume faders together, till the tutti reaches a 0.01 dB Peak?

Sorry, if this was explained before, but I couldn´t find an answer here, I was able to understand.

@Felix Bartelt said:

Let´s say I have a real orchestra playing a tutti stacc. chord and this would be at 0.01 dB Peak.

If I play the same tutti with the volume setup, you proposed, it should be the same, if I got U right.

Yes, should be the same. When you play your 0.01 dB Peak orchestra tutti from a CD on a audio track, this with the fader at zero, and the same chord you recorded on MIDI tracks and calibrated the same tutti to 0.01 dB then it will play back with the same loudness. Somehow logic, isn't it.

But what you say is exactly what is worth doing for some tests; for example analyzing some very good recordings, and compare the overall dynamics and the loudness structures with dofferent recording, and possibly with the virtual VSL version, or your original composition.

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@Angelo Clematide said:

I. The total dynamic range


03. Absolute maximum loudness - staccato
Play a tutti chord where all instruments play a staccato ff sample with a velocity of 127. This will produce the maximum loudness possible. The master fader will not clip, but may raise to 0.01 dB Peak.

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Now my stupidity got even worse, cause now I got two questions:

1. I thought a staccato ff tutti should bring the fader to 0.01 dB???

2. But no matter, which headroom I should get, the question stays, why I don´t need to balance my instruments before. If I´m right, the volumes of the single patches are optimized and not all ballanced in relation to eachother. This means, that I have to turn down the volume of e.g. the solo violin, cause otherwise I´d get the unrealistic situation, that one single violin plays as loud as the other 16 ones.
But if I lower the volume of single instruments, don´t I also lower the overall volume, so that after some balancing action my headroom gets bigger (e.g. -20 dB instead of -12 dB)?