JBM,

I agree with you but I was just saying that with Brahms!

To me the perfect orchestration is one that has a completely seamless fit between the musical idea or inspiration and the instrument(s) playing it.

I have noticed that sometimes an idea will exist in your mind as a pure instrumental sound - like this is horns fff. Or a trombone section unison pp. Or a scratchy violin solo. Or any number of vivid orchestral sounds.

HOWEVER - there are many times when the process of orchestration becomes much more a matter of figuring out something that is in color not so clear. Obviously in the "Art of Fugue" Bach was doing this very thing - creating musical ideas that no matter how strong were not tied to any particular color.

About all of these people being "rich and full" orchestrators - well, yeah maybe I guess so, but Debussy I rank as the greatest of all orchestrators ever, and he is no way "rich and full" but absolutely perfect. He accomplished what the modernist era said it accomplished, long before they ever came around - a completely expressive and transparent orchestration for every instrument of the orchestra. Stravinsky owed everything he ever did to Debussy.

hmmm...

I understand what you're saying about Debussy, and actually, I wouldn't really include him in the "full and rich" list either... But I guess I've just never really "got hooked" on his music, so it's coloured my ability to judge the orchestration. However, I do think the fact that he _is_ "perfect" is actually what leaves me a little cold. I don't think I enjoy perfection as much as imperfection - I always prefer things that are a little "off"...

However, as far as "everything [Stravinsky] ever did" - I just can't agree with that. Firebird, much of Petrouchka, some of Le Sacre: Yes. Everything after, and including, Symphonies of Wind Instruments: No. Strangely, this division in his work also represents the time at which his orchestration started to go a little "off" - somewhat angular, seldom "full" (in a _very_ subjective sense of the word), at times even awkward. This is when it started getting really interesting, to me -- as seems reasonable, since he started to distance himself from his teachers (I would include Debussy in this category), and began to hear the orchestra in a unique way.
BTW, I don't imagine Debussy himself would even agree with such a statement (in fact, I wonder how deeply you meant that yourself, William).

I hope I'm not offending anyone, but it seems clear that we're talking now about an entirely subjective statement of "taste", not an objective estimation of ability. Besides, I'd imagine the "greatest" orchestrator is actually some 24-year-old PhD holder from Eastman!

J.

Not surprised to see such interesting dialogue from Bill and jbm.

I tend to agree with both of you on different points. On his musical influences Stravinsky said, "Debussy is my father and Ravel my uncle."

Bill's statement that I.S. owed "everything" to C.D. is overstatement simply by virtue of what gifts one is born with. However it's true that I.S.'s early work owes tons and tons to C.D. It's also true the Debussy did hit a type of perfect expression in his composition/orchestration that contains no artifice whatsoever and is a singular achievement in music. Ravel , the quintessential "orchestrator" rarely seems to break entirely free from "effects". Debussy's "Afternoon of a Faun" is a wonder and marvel of what Bill is talking about. It's not the sterile "perfection" I think all good musicians balk at, but perfect in the best sense of the word: a musical statement that wants for nothing in it's presentation of a totally unique musical thought and sensibility.

Stravinsky who was uncomfortable and chagrined at the persistent focus upon his early period was far more influenced by Mozart than any one else during his "middle" period, which makes jbm's point about Debussy's influence evaporating. Also the "awkward" orchestration point is exactly right (as deliberate as it was.) Shostakovitch said I.S. flat out didn't know how to orchestrate. It's hard to imagine I.S. went from a brilliant orchestrator in his early work to a lousy one. He just went kind of quirky, but this is what we identify as his "sound".

Dave Connor

That's true JBM that it is a matter of taste. I also agree with Dave on Ravel vs. Debussy in that there is a mechanistic approach (which is nevertheless very effective) in Ravel whereas Debussy is pure inspiration - or at least sounds like it, whether personally he felt inspired or not.

I find it funny that Stravinsky was irritated with the adulation over his early works. He was one of the most irritating, obnoxious and arrogant people in his statements and attitude toward just about everything and everyone, and a beautiful example of how great attainment in music means nothing about personal character (of the lack thereof). However it is just as typical of great as well as poor artists that they often have no conception of the relative values of what they accomplished.

The most extreme example of this is the painter de Chirico, who did in a ten year period the greatest works of modern art besides Picasso and Duchamp, but after that youthful burst of energy became a paint-by-numbers hack who even copied his own works. Stravinsky is similar though not as extreme. After the great early works, he was unable to continue doing the same (understandably) and had to change, but never really did anything to match what he created decades before. Instead, he adopted the many pretenses of modernism - serialism, other forms of atonalism, and worst of all Neo-Classicism. This resulted in a great and powerful Romanticist becoming an impotent Modernist. Probably the reason Shostakovich said that was that he was reacting to the later intellectually contrived works, and not the early emotionally inspired masterpieces which are truly great orchestrations.

Well, well!

I can certainly think of one composer who's not terribly popular on your list!

I agree that there was more "paint by numbers" work in Stravinsky's later output. But then, there were more commissions, less time, and so on... That's not an excuse. But to be fair, and at the risk tremendous verbal assault, there was also certainly much done "by numbers" in Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and many other "great" composers as well, and for similar reasons. I mean, when composition is one's daily life, one has bad days!

I think he was more confused than anything by the attention [to his early works], since he didn't really see these pieces as being so incredibly inventive as people felt them to be, and this for the very reasons we're talking about them now; the massive debt they owe to Ravel and Debussy. I mean, Firebird basically IS Debussy. Petrouchka is brilliant, but primarily for it's formal/conceptual innovation - the orchestration is only a few steps away from Debussy. Only the Rite is singularly brilliant - both in orchestration and form/conception. Though it owes much to Debussy, it is clearly the work of another generation, and conveys a very clear message that "times have changed". However, all that aside, the works I find to be most "inspired" from that period are lesser known works like L'Histoire du Soldat, Les Noces, Renard, and Priboutki, all of which have an intense, soulful drive... They seem almost ancient, in spite of the fact that their language is clearly ahead of its time.

The other thing to consider is the fact that they were "early works". I mean, I've already found myself a little irritated when people close to me wonder why I don't write like I did a few years ago. But the fact is, there's nothing so unfulfilling as regurgitating the same language over and over. We all need to find something new to strive for in our music. If we lose that deep urge to push ourselves forward, we lose the very inspiration that makes our music worth listening to...
Finally, there certainly are numerous deeply inspired and emotionally powerful works in Stravinsky's post-Rite output: Symphonly of Psalms (a brilliant orchestration, as well), Concerto in D for violin and orchestra, Duo Concertante for violin and piano, the Mass, and many parts (though perhaps not all) of Canticum Sacrum, to name a few. To simply object to Neo-Classicism is not a particularly persuasive argument. Stopping to look around himself, Stravinsky very clearly saw that a whole way of speaking, a whole musical language was coming to an end - and he was thoroughly immersed in that language - so he responded. I think he responded brilliantly. You, among others, do not.

...

What's more interesting about your response is that it brings to mind your statement a while ago that you are tired of all the tense, conflicted contemporary music - that you long for clean, beautiful, and inspired musical statements.

Now, that is an admirable position to be in... But where does it leave you? With all the music that surrounds you, where can you find yourself? I think this is the question that Stravinsky faced, some 80 years ago. He answered that question with Neo-Classicism. I don't think he was so calculated as you imagine. Rather, I agree with your general thesis that he was a Romanticist at heart, and I think he found only conflict and bombast around him. Hell, he even found Schoenberg over there inventing an entirely new way of organizing pitches, in order to dispense with the language over which Stravisnky had become a true master. What I.S. yearned for was clarity, and I believe he created that on his own terms.

But enough about him...

Where do you and I find ourselves?
Lately, I face this question on an almost daily basis. I mean, we are writing for virtual orchestras, for God's sake! Both our language, and our medium are becoming complete abstractions.
I believe there is a certain power and beauty in this awkward position. The problem is, I have not yet figured out _where_ my music will find its "home"... Where is this music's true venue? That, I think, is the real question of our time. If its true home is the concert hall, then we are only play-acting, and hoping for what might prove to be an impossible future, in world in which many of our _cities_ can scarcely afford to even keep an orchestra...
If, on the other hand, our music's true home is a virtual one, then why should we remain confined by the parameters of orchestral technique, as we know it, at all? Why even acknowledge the constraints of "double winds", or "1st Violilns"? Why not sculpt the sound-stage, and the orchestral pallette along with it, to whatever the musical idea demands?

This is the dilemma that keeps me up at night...

Which reminds me. It's way past my bedtime!

cheers.

J.

jbm, I appreciate your defence of late Stravinsky. I´m absolutely with you!
Especially after hearing the "Mass" I was lost to the later I.S.
The Rite is a furious testesteron-driven statement of a young man, but in terms of maturity and long-lasting statements he had much more to say later on. He developed a modesty and clarity which is quite singular and I gratefully take him as a model.

@jbm said:

...


Where do you and I find ourselves?
Lately, I face this question on an almost daily basis. I mean, we are writing for virtual orchestras, for God's sake! Both our language, and our medium are becoming complete abstractions.
I believe there is a certain power and beauty in this awkward position. The problem is, I have not yet figured out _where_ my music will find its "home"... Where is this music's true venue? That, I think, is the real question of our time. If its true home is the concert hall, then we are only play-acting, and hoping for what might prove to be an impossible future, in world in which many of our _cities_ can scarcely afford to even keep an orchestra...
If, on the other hand, our music's true home is a virtual one, then why should we remain confined by the parameters of orchestral technique, as we know it, at all? Why even acknowledge the constraints of "double winds", or "1st Violilns"? Why not sculpt the sound-stage, and the orchestral pallette along with it, to whatever the musical idea demands?


cheers.

J.

This is a very interesting question. I always used to programme according to my ability as a programmer, but when writing for real players I would do what I knew was possible. However, with the virtual orchestra there are far less limitations than in the real world, and as composers we should be able to make use if this. I think that once one accepts that certain music is never going to be performed "live", then rather than thinking of the virtual orchestra as a "next best thing", one should embrace it as an instument in it's own right. This is why I think that the combination of orchestral instrumental sounds together with electronic sounds is potentially a very interesting subject. Obviously then this means that the music that one eventually writes may not be possible to perform live, but for many people, that may not necessarily be a bad thing.

DG

In response to jbm's response to Bill and my posts.

To clarify on Stravinsky's lack of enthusiasm about his early work: this was much later in his life (obvious in his dialogue's with Robert Craft.) At the time I imagine he was thrilled to be so young, successful and rubbing elbows with the great artists of the world.

As to his middle period I will add The Rakes Progress to the list of works jbm sited which is such a brilliant delightful work (to me anyway.) On Bill's side I will say that conductor Fritz Zweig (a good friend of Stravinsky's) disliked the work intensely. So there you have it.

Elmer Bernstein's, The Magnificent Seven film score borrows heavily from the Symphony in C and Le Sacre, so one wonders what the film cannon would be like after these countless borrowings that continue today. The Omen contains rather poor efforts at Symphony of Psalms (a work adored by Shostakovich.)

Neo Classicism includes everyone from the Russians to the French (Le Six) to (Bartok?) to Copeland and so on. So I can't throw out the baby or the bathwater on this one. But we all have our reasons and preferences.

Stravinsky had absolutely no Romantic notions about music whatsoever and would recoil (IMHO) at the identification with it. He absolutely skewered the likes of R. Strauss. Does the word apply in the scientific sense to some of his early work? Perhaps, but as far as schools of music, his was a radical departure from what we now call the "Romantic" period.

Dave Connor

DG

I was reading your response quite appreciatively - a lot of which I agreed with (but not about the Firebird - Debussy could never have summoned as much Russian turmoil and emotion) - until I hit: "I think he responded brilliantly. You, among others, do not." What is that supposed to mean? Are you referring to this thread? Then o.k., that may be, but this is a simple little discussion, not an artistic response. What exactly do you mean by that?

Dave,
Interesting, but Stravinski regularly skewered every other composer except himself. If he was on this forum he would be hated by everyone here, I guarantee you. Also, the worst people to listen to for opinions about composers ARE composers. (So why are we talking at all? Never mind.)


JBM,

Yes, I contradict myself on a daily basis. Often hourly. In fact, I've been known to take up the opposing viewpoint within a single discussion, completely nullifying everything I said to begin with. Actually I don't dislike Stravinsky or Neo Classicism - I love Satie - but rather don't accept the grand pronouncements that have been made about both - at the time, Neo-Classicism was touted as the only way music could possibly be written. And Stravinsky is regularly put forth as the greatest composer of modern times, all time, etc. Also, I have an innate bias against intellectual control of impulses, which Neo Classicism is a prime example of.

"where can you find yourself? I think this is the question that Stravinsky faced, some 80 years ago. He answered that question with Neo-Classicism. I don't think he was so calculated as you imagine. Rather, I agree with your general thesis that he was a Romanticist at heart, and I think he found only conflict and bombast around him."

You bring up so many important points it is extremely hard to respond! This is a good question and observation, and the reason you are kept up at night is because there are no easy answers to such basic dilemmas.

However, just to irritate Mathis I am going to say that the Neo-Classicists and all the intellectuals who cobble together music by thinking will more often be disturbed by these questions than the Neo-Romantics, because music is not ideas, it is emotion in sound. Ideas (i.e. intellectual thought processes) are the mere vessel or form for the essence of music, which is emotion. No composer can tell what significance his music actually has, or will have in the future. History is filled with composers who were either lauded and now forgotten, or ignored and now played regularly. The idea of intellectually discerning what to write is not valid because the mind is so easily distracted down channels of utter futility. But the emotional, felt essence of a music, if found and nourished, willl guide a composer to the only thing he can do of real significance - whatever that may be and whatever "Home" it may ultimately find.

[quote=William]DG

I was reading your response quite appreciatively - a lot of which I agreed with (but not about the Firebird - Debussy could never have summoned as much Russian turmoil and emotion) - until I hit: "I think he responded brilliantly. You, among others, do not." What is that supposed to mean? Are you referring to this thread? Then o.k., that may be, but this is a simple little discussion, not an artistic response. What exactly do you mean by that?
quote]

Oh no I didn't... [:D]

DG

@Another User said:

Stravinsky is regularly put forth as the greatest composer of modern times, all time, etc. Also, I have an innate bias against intellectual control of impulses, which Neo Classicism is a prime example of.

True about Stravinsky being overrated among all great composers and he has some very stiff competition among the last century as well, so point well taken.

Classicism was not considered a restraint but rather a form that was intellectual in nature (and structure) but not about intellectualism but expression (you know this). During the Classic period a certain emotional restraint was part of the style (breached continuously by Mozart et. al.) but gave way to Beethoven who went far beyond the "emotional" into the spiritual. To straightjacket music as an emotional expression only seems to me the most confining of all possible limitations (although I know it's done constantly by lot's of folks.)

I cite Classicism as "Neo" is supposed to be a return to these principles.

Dave Connor

@jbm said:

...If, on the other hand, our music's true home is a virtual one, then why should we remain confined by the parameters of orchestral technique, as we know it, at all? Why even acknowledge the constraints of "double winds", or "1st Violins"? Why not sculpt the sound-stage, and the orchestral palette along with it, to whatever the musical idea demands.

How shall I say? It's all good, i.e. since the conventional orchestra large or small is a form in itself there's no harm in trying to realize music (however) for this type of band as has been done for centuries. If one wants to write for a Jazz trio or 80 piece orchestra or a combination of God knows - fine.

If one wants to throw out all conventions and create new forms the only question is: does it work or please or whatever one's criteria. Is it successful as a viable expression of art or pop art etc? The Beatles certainly added elements (orchestral and technical) into a form that weren't included prior to their innovation. It worked gloriously even if there has been countless failures or lesser works by others.

I don't wrestle with philosophical questions like these so much because I'm always trying to make the next four bars of whatever I'm doing, work.

The issue of the disappearance of the orchestra or at least the composer's access to it, IS a huge issue as many of us do not find complete satisfaction in this virtual world. I suppose we find solace at least and dreams fulfilled at best.

Dave Connor

Clearing up a few things... it's very hard to get a full thought into one of these reply installments!

William. It was actually me who said "I think he responded brilliiantly. You, among others, do not." - meaning simply "I think he responded to the dilemma appropriately, but you do not appear to feel the same way. And there are many who would agree with you, thinking that everything after the early Russian period was forced, reactionary, and musically next-to-worthless". I am not one to bring judgments of another composers work into an intellectual debate, and use my own opinions as a mode of attack. That's just weak-minded. And besides, I always appreciate a little friction. It keeps me on my toes!
Also, as an afterthought... You're attack on composers who "cobble together music by thinking" is utterly Stavinskian in its ferocity! [;)]

dpcon. Quite true about his response to the early work being a much later phenomenon. I was actually obsessed with I.S. for a few years, and read carefully all the Stravinsky/Craft books... sorry to be a little vague in entering that debate. Also, because I spent a great deal of time with old I.S., I also appreciate your statement about his position with regard to Romanticism. However, as was mentioned in another thread somewhere, I was trying to get at William's suggestion that he had Romantic drives, "at heart". Now, at first this statement seemed absolutely impossible to me. But upon closer study of what William was saying, and in the context of earlier statements from William about his general philosophy of music, I decided that we were not so much talking from a musicological point of view, but rather from the standpoint of the emotional life of a musical work. Personally, I have never been able to listen to the 3rd movement of the Concerto in D (vln & orch.) without being deeply moved. And I really can't accept the notion that this is in no way related to the fact that he had recently lost his wife and first-born to TB when he wrote it. I know he would say "music expresses nothing", but I've always felt that this was, at least in a certain sense, an intellectual pose -- which I think is what William is reacting to. Now, to continue that quote: "...It expresses only itself. And in expressing itself, eloquently, it creates forms." I don't think this statement places him too far from what William strives for in music. Too often only the first part the statement - "music expresses nothing" - is quoted. But when read in the context of the entire quote, we see that it is more _his_ (i.e., the composer's) relationship to expression that he takes to task in Romanticism, not the notion of expression itself. And this I connect (again to an earlier discussion, in another thread) to his idea of the Artist as an artisan - a maker of things, a craft's person - not the tortured, self-expressing, deeply emoting Romantic "Genius". In this I agree whole-heartedly. I can honestly say that I have never composed from within a state of high emotion, though my music has often be called "neo-Romantic". To me, the mental challenge of composition is completely insurmountable from a state of emotion. And further, I can often become quite ecstatic during composition, even when writing very "dark" material. Thus, the thrill of composition itself is entirely divided emotionally from the subjective content of the music's self-expression.
and so on, and so on... (to be continued, I'm sure)
I also must confess to finding much of "The Rake" absolutely sublime... I was a little scared to mention it, since it's a piece that receives a fair amount of "flak".

(I'm worried again that i'm going to run out of words - a live counter would be handy!)

...

Just a quick response to finish!

William. Stravinsky did, in fact, "skewer" himself on a regular basis.

"I have learned throughout my life as a composer chiefly through my mistakes and pursuits of false assumptions, not by my exposure to founts of wisdom and knowledge."

"I haven't understood a bar of music in my life, but I have felt it."

"Sins cannot be undone, only forgiven." (about his work Persephone)

There's more, but I haven't the time to find them all.

J.

Sorry about that misquote DG.

Very interesting JBM. I think most of the problem may lie in the terms of Romanticism, Classicism, Modernism etc. You are right in your conclusion about what I am suggesting in the "Romantic" impulse in Stravinsky. i am thinking in the most elemental way possible when I refer to musical espression in the sense of "Romantic," not in the lace-collared Byronesque prettiness that today is assumed, especially by people who know nothing about the era and its artists but have decided they hate it. They were rebels against the crushing intellectualism of the Enlightenment, as well as the burdens of an intensely repressive society. The Rite of Spring, contrary to what everyone thinks - it absolutely pure Romanticism, because it returns to the roots of the movement - expression of primeval emotive impulses that destroy in order to create new forms. That is the essence of the Romantic Era.

Also, one thing about Classicism that should be kept in mind: in its purest form, it strove to unite the emotional (the Dionysian) with the intellectual (the Apollonian). If such a thing can be done in music, of course that is the ideal. But many adherents of the Classical went too far in one direction, just as many Romanticists did in the opposite. For me the ideal Romantic composers are Brahms, Schubert and Schumann, not Wagner or Strauss (though they are obviously great composers too) because the former three combined those "higher" elements of form and idea with the more "basic" one of emotion. But of course you can make the same case for any successful composer of any era.

One other thing I wanted to comment on:

"...I mean, I've already found myself a little irritated when people close to me wonder why I don't write like I did a few years ago. But the fact is, there's nothing so unfulfilling as regurgitating the same language over and over. We all need to find something new to strive for in our music. If we lose that deep urge to push ourselves forward, we lose the very inspiration that makes our music worth listening to..." JBM

This is true and a very important point. I would go even farther and say once you have done something, it is impossible to do it again without losing the energy and drive that you need in order to work at all. I absolutely cannot write in the "mode" that I wrote in years ago. It is an empty and meaningless exercise, even if back then I produced something that I liked. So people expecting someone like Stravinsky to re-do Firebird just with new notes have no idea of what is involved.

Having fun here guys.

Bill,

I understood your use of Romantic in regards to Stravinsky's Rite immediatly for the reasons you sighted (primal etc.) Yet semantically it begs for misunderstanding because of the historic use of the term. Since the notion of any composer at any time sitting down to compose music is utterly romantic the net widens even further to include the most severe serialist. A can of worms to be sure.

On the well understood concept of Apollonian and Dionysion elements of classicism my point was, that regardless of what the composer was pouring into the form content-wise, the form itself was highly intellectualized (culminating in Beethoven's astonishing formal creations) yet always serving the expression of at least the personality if not the soul of the artist. Back to a very Romantic concept!

I agree on the composer's you mentioned as having attained the ideal of Classical principles. Listening to the supercharged Romantics is something you have to be almost needing like a certain wine or something.

Dave

Dave,

Actually I think that Beethoven started to burst the bounds of any intellectual form with the third Symphony, and completed the job with the Ninth which took music farther than it had ever gone before. And he accomplished this with sheer intuition and feeling, rather than a consciously created form. The musical ideas were so powerful they created their own form. When Schubert was inspired by Beethoven - writing with the pen he found on top of his grave for example - he was only continuing the development of Romanticism which Beethoven created.

Yes, from time to time I think you do need a few shots of 100 Proof "Old Romantic" like Berlioz or Franck or Bruckner or even some moonshine like 200 Proof Pure Grain Strauss once in a while. But please drink responsibly.

William,

It's good to get all the terms clear... Often times I'm not sure whether we're speaking colloquially or by the history-book definitions. And the fact is that I believe both to be valuable, since I don't think either has done a complete job of capturing the final meaning of _any_ given term (I have only a flickering faith in Academia).

I've enjoyed this discussion immensely, and appreciate your well-informed comments. Please have a listen to the samples on my web site, when you have a chance... There are no VSL-ized works (only chamber music, and some contemporary dance work) at this point, since I haven't been using them long enough to get anything recorded, but there are a few samples of what I do for you to check out.

http://www.rubato-music.com

go to the "sharp", which will link you to some music/score excerpts.

cheers.

J.

Hi.

I'm joining this discussion rather late in the day, so sorry in advance if I go over old ground.

I love Stravinsky and I mostly loathe "Romantic" music, so I'm trying to get used to this idea that my most loved composer is really part of my most loathed stylistic movement.

Ever since childhood I've known I like music starting from the primordial swamp up to about 1750, then almost nothing until about 1900. So Perotin, Machaut, Josquin, Bach, Reich, Ligeti yes, but Wagner no. Sorry - this is just who I am.

I'm very resistant to schmaltz in music. I have an aversion to heavy-handed surface sentimentality. I hate operatic vocals. I hate "trill on every note" vibrato vocals. I love folk singers, I love early music singers, I love Indian Drupad singers. But I hate - with almost physical revulsion - the Pavarotti style, and I have done since I was tiny. My favourite singers would include the Hilliard Ensemble singers, June Tabor, Stina Nordenstam, Robert Wyatt, even the "robot" vocalist from Kraftwerk (Ralf or Florian?); but would exclude virtually the entire classical mainstream.

Stravinsky said that music is incapable of expressing anything except itself. I don't really agree with him, but I know why he might have wanted to say that. He was rejecting the Wagnerian Romantic tradition. What I think he means is that great music can have a completely impersonal surface - it can have no more overt personal subjectivity than a ticking clock - and, precisely by transcending the "look at me" self-obsession of its composer and performers, actually achieve greater resonance, greater meaning. The Symphonies Of Wind Instruments is an example. It's so important simply to play the right notes, with the right articulation, in the right tempo proportions. But a player who tries to subjectivize their line (say with a mannered rubato) may actually diminish the music. Stravinsky loathes what he calls "The performance of performance", by which he means the tortured histrionics of the celebrity conductor (he doesn't mention names, but Leonard Bernstein seems to be the particular object of his disaffection).

Stravinsky likes ritual (hence the "Rite" of Spring). Lots of his music has a ritualized quality. The performance becomes a kind of ceremony. Listen to the end of the Requiem Canticles, with its clock-like chiming bells. It's a complete rejection of Wagnerian Romanticism, with its determination to smother, to overwhelm, the listener. And it's incredibly moving to listen to, even though it's so impersonal.

I'm not an expert on Balinese Gamelan music, but I imagine there's something similar going on there. Renaissance polyphony, a Bach fugue, neither should be performed completely deadpan, both need inflection, but both seem to be aiming at a kind of objectivity - exactly the opposite of what's needed to play a Chopin nocturne or sing Isolde's Liebestod.

Laters

Guy